Musket & Tomahawk: A Military History of the French & Indian War, 1753-1760 (Regiments & Campaigns)

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Ligonier, John 65 Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of 18–19, 18, 20, 21, 23 Louisbourg 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22 see also Isle Royale Louisbourg, battle of (1758) 4, 35 Louisiana 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 46, 72, 76 DEDICATION In memory of William L. Brown III of Maryland. Superlative curator, historian, documentary film director and friend.

A column of about 500 men under Captain Aubry heads toward the hills, edging the Monongahela River.

Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 A British brass light 12-pounder cannon on its carriage, 1750s. This was the largest type of gun brought by the army that marched towards Fort Duquesne. (Reproduction. Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) There are three universal scenarios in the main rulebook that can be used for any time period, all of them are classic, basic games that we’re all used to, Seizing objectives, steal the loot and exit the board. Brigadier-General John Forbes as colonel of the 17th Foot, c.1757. Colored sketch made at the beginning of the 20th century by the Reverend Percy Sumner of a portrait of the mid-18th century (whereabouts presently unknown). (Sumner notebooks. Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library, Providence, USA. Author’s photo.) Strategic map of the conquest of Canada, 1758–60; Lord Loudoun’s grand strategic plan was carried out over three years. In 1758 two of the year’s three objectives fell: Fortress Louisbourg in July and Fort Duquesne in November. They were repulsed at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga), but took it the following year along with Quebec and Niagara. In 1760 three armies marched on the ultimate objective, Montreal, where the French army capitulated on September 8. (Collection and photo: Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence, Ottawa) Vaudreuil, Governor-General 53, 56, 59, 71, 72 Virginia 11, 13, 14, 15, 17 Ward, Capt Edward 39 warfare (Anglo-American forces) 13, 37–38, 70 warfare (French/New France forces) 7, 8, 10, 15, 46–47, 70, 72–73 Washington, Col George 13, 16, 75 conflict with Forbes 40, 42 Jumonville Glen 11–12 Lt. Corbière’s patrol 69 Virginia Provincials 29, 30, 31 weapons 7, 27–28, 30, 31, 34

Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 usually tended to have blue or green uniforms for their infantry units rather than red, although there were exceptions. Although the Pennsylvania Quaker population was still demographically important and politically powerful, waves of settlers of other beliefs and origin had also put down roots and prospered in the province. These settlers were not as pacifist as the Quakers and clamored to have some military organization. At the behest of Benjamin Franklin and other prominent men, volunteer armed associations had been formed in the 1740s and, with warfare erupting on the western frontier in the 1750s, concerned citizens pressured their legislature to provide some military aid. At length, compromises were found and provincial troops were allowed to be raised and funded. The Pennsylvania contingent for 1758 was quite large by colonial standards and consisted of three numbered battalions forming the Pennsylvania Provincial Regiment. However, the regiment had no central command and actually operated as three separate and distinct units. The 1st Pennsylvania Battalion was commanded by Colonel John Armstrong, a frontiersman who, two years earlier, had led a daring and successful raid on the sound of fearsome war whoops, the French and Canadians devastated the regular troops who were trained for linear tactics with muskets and bayonets. Their

brass light 12-pdr cannons 8 brass light 6-pdr cannons 2 brass 8-inch howitzers 2 brass 5½-inch howitzers 1 brass 8-inch mortar 2 brass 5½-inch mortars 12 brass 4 2/5-inch (Coehorn) mortars

Indians, most of whom are on the far bank of the Allegheny, cross the river and advance towards the hills. Fort Duquesne – the objective of General Forbes’ army in 1758. Model at the Fort Pitt Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Author’s photo) Aubry’s Raid on Fort Ligonier John Ligonier, First Earl Ligonier, 1760. Lord Ligonier was commanderin-chief of the British army from 1757 to 1759, thus at the time of Forbes’ advance in 1758, and Fort Ligonier was named in his honor. He became Master-General of the Ordnance from 1759 to 1762. (Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Evacuation of Fort Duquesne, November 1758. (Print after W. Snyder. Private collection. Author’s photo) Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 road was dubious to say the least in America’s wilderness. The general therefore cut down the ordnance accompanying the army to: • • • • • • •

Visit Fort Ligonier for a surprisingly great collection of top notch artifacts and paintings from the period as well as a painstakingly reconstructed period fort. Ammunition wagon, mid18th century. This type of wagon was drawn by four horses and had a capacity to carry up to 1,200 pounds. “Ammunition” at the time could include various types of military stores, tools and rations. (Reproduction. Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) European war 15–16 Forbes’ campaign (1758) Aubry’s raid 60–68, 62–63, 66–67 Forbes’ army 4, 18, 25–34 Grant’s raid 4, 49–59, 50–51, 52, 53, 54–55, 59, 70, 73 Lt. Corbière’s patrol 68–69 routes to Fort Duquesne 24, 35–40, 42 strength of Fort Duquesne garrison 42–43, 46–48 see also Indian nations; strategy Forbes, Gen John 4, 23, 24, 32, 74 on artillery 27–28 on Aubry’s raid 68 Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 shouts… The fight was brisk and stubborn…the loss of the English was 400 killed, a large number wounded and at least 100 made prisoners including the commander [Grant] and other officers. We lost 8 Canadians killed and 8 wounded… Mr. Aubry, captain of the troops of New Orleans as well as all officers of the detachment from the Illinois gave proof of great valor in this affair…1 raids see Forbes’ campaign (1758) Rhor, Chief Engineer Charles 28, 39, 59 road-building 4, 14, 28, 37, 38–39, 49 Rogers, Maj Robert 70 Saint-Pierre, Captain 11 Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) 5, 8, 15, 30, 70, 73 Spain/New Spain 5, 5, 75 St. Clair, LtCol Sir John 25, 26, 31, 38, 39 Stewart of Garth 26 strategy 18–23 see also Forbes’ campaign (1758); Indian nations Treaty of Easton (1758) 35, 68–69 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 6 Troyes, Chevalier de 10 Universal Chronicle 74